Working with Difficult Students (ABA)

What is ABA?

Applied Behavior Analysis is a method used to improve behavior by understanding why it happens and using positive strategies to support change. It’s often used in education and special education to help children succeed socially and emotionally.

 

The Four Functions of Behavior

Before responding to student behavior, ask yourself the following:

  • What might the student be trying to communicate?

  • Is the student seeking attention, avoiding something, or trying to get something they want?

Most behaviors happen for a reason. They usually fall into one of these four categories:

  1. Attention – Seeking interaction, even negative.
    Example: A student shouts to get the teacher’s attention.

  2. Escape/Avoidance – Trying to get out of something.
    Example: A student misbehaves to avoid doing work.

  3. Access to Tangibles – Wanting an item or activity.
    Example: A child tantrums after being denied the iPad.

  4. Sensory/Automatic – Behavior feels good or meets a physical need.
    Example: A student hums or rocks for comfort.

ABC’s of Behavior

Antecedent – What happened right before the behavior?

Behavior – What exactly did the student do/behavior did they exhibit?

Consequence – What happened right after the behavior?

 

Simple ABA Tips for Instructors

  • Catch students doing the right thing.
    “Nice job raising your hand!”

  • Keep it short and specific.
    Say “Sit criss-cross” instead of “Be good.”

  • Simple options help avoid power struggles.
    “Do you want to stretch or do jumping jacks?”

  • Schedules and structure help students stay on track.

  • Your calm voice helps keep the group steady.

Tips to Prevent Disruptive Behavior (During Active Time)

Stay proactive, positive, and set the tone early.

  1. Set Clear Expectations
    Review simple rules before play starts.
    “We take turns with equipment.”
    “We freeze when the whistle blows.”

  2. Be Consistent
    Always follow through with rules and rewards.
    “If you stay with your group during the game, you’ll get extra time on the swings.”

  3. Reinforce the Good
    Catch and praise positive behavior.
    “Awesome job waiting for your turn!”
    “Thanks for helping clean up the balls!”

  4. Build Connection
    Greet students by name and ask about their favorite games.
    Connection builds trust and respect.

  5. Offer Choices
    Let students pick between activities when possible.
    “Do you want to play tag or do obstacle courses first?”

  6. Watch for Triggers
    Notice when and where students get overwhelmed (e.g., during group games or long wait times). Adjust group size, timing, or activity as needed.

  7. Give Clear Instructions
    Use short, calm directions and show what you expect.
    “Watch me: we hop to the cone and run back.”

  8. Practice Transitions
    Use countdowns or cues to shift between games.
    “In 30 seconds, we’ll switch stations.”

  9. Offer a Calm-Down Option
    Have a quiet zone or simple activity (like stretching or walking laps) for students who need a break.

  10. Be the Example
    Your calm voice and body language help set the mood.
    Stay positive—even if things get loud or messy.